Kansas City, Missouri

Kansas City
—  City  —
From top left: Downtown Kansas City skyline, the Liberty Memorial, the Country Club Plaza, Arrowhead Stadium, Kauffman Stadium, Downtown Kansas City skyline, the Nelson Atkins Museum

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Nickname(s): "KC"1 , "KCMO", "Big KC", "City of Fountains",
"Heart of America"1, "Paris of the Plains"
1 These nicknames are shared with Kansas City, Kansas.
Location in Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass Counties in the state of Missouri.
Kansas City is located in the USA
Kansas City
Location in the United States
Coordinates:
Country  United States
State  Missouri
Counties Jackson
Clay
Platte
Cass
Incorporated March 28, 1853
Government
 - Mayor Mark Funkhouser
Area
 - City 318.0 sq mi (823.7 km2)
 - Land 313.5 sq mi (812.1 km2)
 - Water 4.5 sq mi (11.6 km2)
 - Urban 584.4 sq mi (1,513.6 km2)
Elevation 910 ft (277 m)
Population (2009)[1][2][3]
 - City 482,299 (35th)
 - Density 1,436.6/sq mi (554.7/km2)
 - Urban 1,361,744
 - Metro 2,053,928
Demonym Kansas Citian
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP Code 64101-64102, 64105-64106, 64108-64114, 64116-64134, 64136-64139, 64141, 64144-64158, 64161, 64163-64168, 64170-64172, 64179-64180, 64183-64185, 64187-64188, 64190-64199, 64944, 64999
Area code(s) 816
FIPS code 29-38000[4]
GNIS feature ID 0748198[5]
Website http://www.kcmo.org/

Kansas City is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri and is the anchor city of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, the second largest metro area in Missouri. It encompasses 318 square miles (820 km2) in parts of Jackson, Clay, Cass, and Platte counties. It is one of two county seats of Jackson County, the other being Independence, which is to the city's east. As of February 6, 2009, it was revealed that the US census had underestimated Kansas City's population, and re-released it to be 475,830,[1] with a metro area of over two million.[6] Kansas City was founded in 1838 as the "Town of Kansas"[7] at the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas rivers and was incorporated in its present form in 1850. Situated opposite Kansas City, Kansas, the city was the location of several battles during the Civil War, including the Battle of Westport. The city is well known for its contributions to the musical styles of jazz and blues as well as to cuisine (Kansas City-style barbecue).

Contents

Abbreviations and nicknames

Kansas City Skyline from Liberty Memorial

Kansas City, Missouri, is often abbreviated as "KCMO", or simply "KC" (both abbreviations often refer to the metro area). It is officially nicknamed the City of Fountains. With over 200 fountains, the city claims to have the second most in the world, just behind Rome.[8] The fountains at Kauffman Stadium, commissioned by original Kansas City Royals owner Ewing Kauffman, are the largest privately-funded fountains in the world.[9] The city also has more boulevards than any city except Paris and has been called "Paris of the Plains." Residents are known as Kansas Citians. It is sometimes referred to colloquially as the Heart of America as it is near both the population center of the United States and the geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.

History

Kansas City, Missouri officially incorporated on March 28, 1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a good place to build settlements.

Exploration and settlement

Kansas City Pioneer Square monument in Westport features Pony Express founder Alexander Majors, Westport/Kansas City founder John Calvin McCoy and Mountainman Jim Bridger who owned Chouteau's Store.

The first documented European visit to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his handling of a Native American attack of Fort Detroit, he had deserted his post as commander of the fort and was avoiding the French authorities. Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in the Missouri village about 90 miles (140 km) east near Brunswick, Missouri, and illegally traded furs.

In order to clear his name, he wrote "Exact Description of Louisiana, of Its Harbors, Lands and Rivers, and Names of the Indian Tribes That Occupy It, and the Commerce and Advantages to Be Derived Therefrom for the Establishment of a Colony" in 1713 followed in 1714 by "The Route to Be Taken to Ascend the Missouri River." In the documents he describes the junction of the "Grande Riv[iere] des Cansez" and Missouri River, being the first to refer to them by those names. French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the first reasonably accurate map of the area.

The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris (1763), but were not to play a major role in the area other than taxing and licensing all traffic on the Missouri River. The French continued their fur trade on the river under Spanish license. The Chouteau family operated under the Spanish license at St. Louis in the lower Missouri Valley as early as 1765, but it would be 1821 before the Chouteaus reached Kansas City, when François Chouteau established Chouteau's Landing.

After the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, noting it was a good place to build a fort.

In 1831 a group of Mormons from New York settled in an area that would later be part of Kansas City. They built the first school within the current boundaries of the city, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833 and their settlement was left vacant.[10]

In 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail, three miles (5 km) away from the river. Then in 1834, McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri River to serve as a landing point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, taking their name from an English spelling of "Cansez." In 1850 the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas.[11]

By that time, the Town of Kansas, Westport, and nearby Independence, had become critical points in America's westward expansion. Three major trails – the Santa Fe, California, and Oregon – all originated in Jackson County.

On February 22, 1853, the City of Kansas was created with a newly elected mayor. It had an area of 0.70 square miles (1.8 km2) and a population of 2,500. The boundary lines at that time extended from the middle of the Missouri River south to what is now Ninth Street, and from Bluff Street on the west to a point between Holmes Road and Charlotte Street on the east.[12]

Civil War

The area was rife with animosity as the Civil War approached during a period known as Bleeding Kansas. Already situated in a state bitterly divided on the issue of slavery, southern sympathizers in Missouri immediately recognized the threat of Kansas petitioning to enter the Union under the new doctrine of popular sovereignty. Infuriated by the idea of Kansas becoming a free state, many from the area crossed into Kansas to sway the state towards allowing slavery, at first by ballot box and then by bloodshed.

Bird's eye view of Kansas City, Missouri. January 1869. Drawn by A. Ruger, Merchants Lith. Co., currently located at the Irish Museum and Cultural Center in Union Station

During the Civil War, the City of Kansas and its immediate environs were the focus of intense military activity. Although the First Battle of Independence in August 1862 resulted in a Confederate victory, the Southerners were unable to follow up their win in any significant fashion, as the City of Kansas was occupied by Union troops and proved too heavily fortified for them to assault. The Second Battle of Independence, part of Sterling Price's Missouri expedition of 1864, also resulted in a Confederate triumph. Once again the Southern victory proved hollow, as Price was decisively defeated in the pivotal Battle of Westport the next day, effectively ending Confederate efforts to occupy the city.

Moreover, General Thomas Ewing, in response to a successful raid on nearby Lawrence, Kansas, led by William Quantrill, issued General Order No. 11, forcing the eviction of residents in four western Missouri counties—including Jackson—except those living in the city and nearby communities and those whose allegiance to the Union was certified by Ewing.

Walnut St., Downtown Kansas City, Mo. 1906

Post-Civil War

After the Civil War, the City of Kansas grew rapidly. The selection of the city over Leavenworth, Kansas, for the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad bridge over the Missouri River brought about significant growth. The population exploded after 1869, when the Hannibal Bridge, designed by Octave Chanute, opened. The boom prompted a name change to Kansas City in 1889 and the city limits to extend south and east. Westport became part of Kansas City on December 2, 1897. According to the US Census in 1900, Kansas City was the 22nd largest city in the country, with 163,752 residents.

Kansas City, guided by architect George Kessler, became a forefront example of the City Beautiful movement, developing a network of boulevards and parks around the city. The relocation of Union Station to its current location in 1914 and the opening of the Liberty Memorial in 1923 gave the city two of its most identifiable landmarks. Further spurring Kansas City's growth was the opening of the innovative Country Club Plaza development by J.C. Nichols in 1925 as part of his Country Club District plan.

Pendergast era

At the turn of the century, political machines attempted to gain clout in the city, with the one led by Tom Pendergast emerging as the dominant machine by 1925. A new city charter passed that year made it easier for his Democratic Party machine to gain control of the city council (slimmed from 32 members to nine) and appoint a corrupt city manager. Several important buildings and structures were built during this time, to assist with the great depression—all led by Pendergast, including the Kansas City City Hall and the Jackson County Courthouse—both added new skyscrapers to the city's growing skyline. The machine fell in 1939 when Pendergast, riddled with health problems, pleaded guilty to tax evasion. The machine, however, gave rise to Harry S. Truman, who quickly became Kansas City's favorite son.

Post-World War II development

Kansas City satellite map

Kansas City's suburban development originally began with the implementation of streetcars in the early decades of the 20th century. The city's first suburbs were in the neighborhoods of Pendleton Heights and Quality Hill. After World War II, many relatively affluent residents left for suburbs like Johnson County, Kansas, and eastern Jackson County, Missouri. Many also went north of the Missouri River, where Kansas City had incorporated areas between the 1940s to 1970s. The population of the urban core significantly dipped, while the metropolitan area as a whole gained population.

The sprawling characteristics of the city and it environs today mainly took shape after the race riots of the 1960s in Kansas City. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. was a catalyst for the 1968 Kansas City riot. At this time, slums were also beginning to form in the inner city, and those who could afford to leave, left for the suburbs and outer edges of the city. The post-World War II idea of suburbs and the "American Dream" also contributed to the sprawl of the area. As the city's population continued to grow, the inner city also continued to decline.

In 1940, the city had about 400,000 residents; by 2000, the same area was home to only about 180,000. From 1940 to 1960, the city more than doubled its physical size, while increasing its population by only about 75,000. By 1970, the city had a total area of approximately 316 square miles (820 km2), more than five times its size in 1940.

The Hyatt Regency walkway collapse was a major disaster that occurred on 17 July 1981 killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others during a tea dance. At the time it was the deadliest structural collapse in U.S. history.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 318.0 sq mi (823.7 km²). 313.5 sq mi (812.1 km²) of it is land and 4.5 sq mi (11.6 km²) of it (1.41%) is water. Much of urban Kansas City sits atop bluffs overlooking the rivers and river bottoms areas. Kansas City proper is bowl-shaped and is surrounded to the north and south by limestone and bedrock cliffs that were carved by glaciers. Kansas City is situated at the junction between the Dakota and Minnesota ice lobes during the maximum late Independence glaciation of the Pleistocene epoch. The Kansas and Missouri rivers cut wide valleys into the terrain when the glaciers melted and drained. A partially filled spillway valley crosses the central portion of Kansas City, Missouri. This valley is an eastward continuation of Turkey Creek valley. Union Station is located in this valley.[13] The city's municipal water was recently rated the cleanest among the 50 largest cities in the United States, containing no detectable impurities.

Climate

Kansas City lies near the geographic center of the contiguous United States, at the confluence of the second largest river in the country, the Missouri River, and the Kansas River (also known as the Kaw River). This makes for a combination of a humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa), with moderate precipitation and extremes of hot and cold. Summers can be very humid, with moist air riding up from the Gulf of Mexico, and during July and August daytime highs can reach into the triple digits, doing so on an average of about 5 days per year, and surpassing 90 °F (32.2 °C) 44 days per year.[14] Winters vary from mild to bitterly cold, with lows dipping below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) for 5 to 10 nights a year.[14] Snowfall averages at 12.6 inches (32 cm), but this figure varies widely, as the median amount is 5.9 inches (15.0 cm).[14]

Kansas City is situated in "Tornado Alley", a broad region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada collides with warm air from the Gulf of Mexico, leading to the formation of powerful storms. Kansas City has had many severe outbreaks of tornados, including the Ruskin Heights tornado in 1957,[15] and the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence, as well as other severe weather, most notably the Kansas City derecho in 1982. The region is also prone to ice storms, such as the 2002 ice storm during which hundreds of thousands lost power for days and (in some cases) weeks.[16] Kansas City and its outlying areas are also subject to flooding, including the Great Flood of 1993 and the Great Flood of 1951.

Climate data for Kansas City, Missouri
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 75
(23.9)		 83
(28.3)		 87
(30.6)		 93
(33.9)		 97
(36.1)		 108
(42.2)		 112
(44.4)		 110
(43.3)		 106
(41.1)		 97
(36.1)		 82
(27.8)		 73
(22.8)		 112
(44.4)
Average high °F (°C) 37.8
(3.22)		 44.1
(6.72)		 55.8
(13.22)		 66.5
(19.17)		 76.2
(24.56)		 85.5
(29.72)		 90.5
(32.5)		 88.8
(31.56)		 80.1
(26.72)		 68.8
(20.44)		 53.4
(11.89)		 41.9
(5.5)		 65.8
(18.78)
Average low °F (°C) 20.7
(-6.28)		 26.3
(-3.17)		 36
(2.2)		 46.4
(8)		 57
(13.9)		 66.7
(19.28)		 72
(22.2)		 70.2
(21.22)		 61.1
(16.17)		 49.1
(9.5)		 36.1
(2.28)		 25.2
(-3.78)		 47.2
(8.44)
Record low °F (°C) -14
(-25.6)		 -12
(-24.4)		 -1
(-18.3)		 22
(-5.6)		 34
(1.1)		 46
(7.8)		 52
(11.1)		 48
(8.9)		 34
(1.1)		 21
(-6.1)		 7
(-13.9)		 -19
(-28.3)		 -19
(-28.3)
Precipitation inches (mm) 1.13
(28.7)		 1.02
(25.9)		 2.38
(60.5)		 3.27
(83.1)		 4.55
(115.6)		 4.73
(120.1)		 3.61
(91.7)		 3.62
(91.9)		 4.17
(105.9)		 3.28
(83.3)		 2.30
(58.4)		 1.45
(36.8)		 35.51
(902)
Snowfall inches (cm) 5.2
(13.2)		 1.8
(4.6)		 1.6
(4.1)		 0.3
(0.8)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.4
(1)		 0.4
(1)		 2.9
(7.4)		 12.6
(32)
Avg. precipitation days 5.9 5.8 8.3 10.5 12.7 10.2 9.1 8.6 8.8 7.5 7.4 6.8 101.6
Avg. snowy days 3.4 2.2 1.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 2.0 9.6
Sunshine hours 182.9 175.2 223.2 258 285.2 306 328.6 294.5 240 213.9 156 145.7 2,809.2
Source #1: NOAA [14]
Source #2: HKO [17]

Cityscape

Panoramic view from the top of Liberty Memorial looking North to downtown. Union Station is in the foreground, and Crown Center to its right.


Brush Creek on the Country Club Plaza at Night

Kansas City, Missouri, is organized into a system of more than 240[18] neighborhoods, some with histories as independent cities or the sites of major events. Downtown, the center of the city, is currently undergoing major redevelopment with new condos, apartments, offices and The Power & Light District (shopping/entertainment development) complete with bars, restaurants, a grocery store with a tony roof-top pool club called The Jones, a theatre and The Sprint Center. All these things have made downtown/midtown a more viable residential option more than ever. Near Downtown, the urban core of the city has a variety of neighborhoods, including historical Westport, Ivanhoe, Hyde Park, Squire Park, the Crossroads Arts District, 18th and Vine Historic District, Pendleton Heights, Quality Hill, the West Bottoms, and the River Market; one up-and-coming "newer" neighborhood just minutes from downtown is upscale Briarcliff, though it is in the so-called "North-land" or simply "North of the River". Two other "near" downtown neighborhoods that are very popular and have unique appeal include the Country Club Plaza (or simply the "Plaza"), south Plaza and nearby Brookside.

Architecture

Community Christian Church, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and located adjacent to the Country Club Plaza

The city's skyline is what one might envision for a major Midwest city, with some notable exceptions. The Nelson-Atkins Museum opened the stunning Euro-Style Bloch addition in 2007. The towering Power and Light Building is influenced by the Art Deco style and contains a glowing sky beacon. The new world headquarters of H&R Block is a 20 story all glass oval which is bathed from top to bottom in a soft green light. The four Industrial art works atop the support towers of the Kansas City Convention Center (Bartle Hall) were once the subject of ridicule but now define the night skyline near the new Sprint Center along with One Kansas City Place (the tallest office tower structure in Missouri), the KCTV-Tower with its hundreds of lit bulbs (the tallest freestanding structure in Missouri), and the Liberty Memorial, which flaunts simulated flames and smoke billowing into the night skyline. Kansas City is home to significant national and international architecture firms including ACI/Boland, BNIM, 360 Architecture, Ellerbe Becket, HNTB, Populous. Frank Lloyd Wright designed two private residences and the Community Christian Church.

Crown Center, fountains at Crown Center

Kansas City contains a collection of over 200 working fountains, second only to Rome. Some of the most notable are on the Country Club Plaza. From French inspired traditional to modern, these fountains offer visitors to the city an unexpected bonus. Among the most notable : the Black Marble H&R Block fountain in front of Union Station with its synchronized water jets shooting high into the air, the Nichols Bronze Horses at the corner of Main and JC Nichols Parkway at the entrance to the Plaza Shopping District and the unique "family friendly" walk thru fountain at Hallmark Cards World Headquarters in Crown Center.

The City Market

Since its inception in 1857, the City Market has been one of the largest and most enduring public farmers' markets in the midwest, linking growers and small businesses to the Kansas City community. In addition, more than 30 full-time merchants are open year-round and offer specialty foods, fresh meats and seafood, restaurants and cafes, floral, home accessories and much more.[19]

Downtown

The city's tallest buildings and characteristic skyline are roughly contained inside the downtown freeway loop (shaded in red). Downtown Kansas City itself is established by city ordinance to stretch from the Missouri River south to 31st Street (beyond the bottom of this map), and from I-35 to Bruce R. Watkins
A look down Downtown Kansas City streets today.

Downtown Kansas City is an area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km2) bounded by the Missouri River to the north, 31st Street to the south, Bruce R. Watkins Drive (U.S. Highway 71) to the east and I-35 to the west. Areas near Downtown Kansas City include the 39th Street District is known as Restaurant Row[20] and features one of Kansas City's largest selections of independently owned restaurants and boutique shops. It is a center of literary and visual arts and bohemian culture. Crown Center is the headquarters of Hallmark Cards and a major downtown shopping and entertainment complex. It is connected to Union Station by a series of covered walkways. The Country Club Plaza, or simply "the Plaza", is an upscale, outdoor shopping and entertainment district. It was the first suburban shopping district in the United States,[21] designed to accommodate shoppers arriving by automobile,[22] and is surrounded by apartments and condominiums, including a number of high rise buildings. The associated Country Club District to the south includes the Sunset Hill and Brookside neighborhoods, and is traversed by Ward Parkway, a landscaped boulevard known for its statuary, fountains and large, historic homes. Kansas City's Union Station is home to Science City, restaurants, shopping, theaters, and the city's Amtrak facility.

After years of neglect and seas of parking lots, Downtown Kansas City currently is undergoing a period of change. Many residential properties recently have been or currently are under redevelopment. The Power & Light District, a new, nine-block entertainment district comprising numerous restaurants, bars, and retail shops, was developed by the Cordish Company of Baltimore, Maryland, Its first tenant opened on November 9, 2007. It is anchored by the Sprint Center, a 19,000 seat complex that has become a top draw for sports and musical entertainment. Elton John was the first performer to play at the Sprint Center.

Parks and boulevard system

J.C. Nichols Memorial Fountain, by Henri-Léon Gréber, in Mill Creek Park, adjacent to the Country Club Plaza

Kansas City has 132 miles (212 km) of spacious boulevards and parkways, 214 urban parks, 49 ornamental fountains, 152 ball diamonds, 10 community centers, 105 tennis courts, five golf courses, five museums and attractions, 30 pools, and 47 park shelters, all overseen by the city's Parks and Recreation department.[23][24]

The parks and boulevard system winds its way through the city. Much of the system, designed by George E. Kessler, was constructed from 1893 to 1915. Cliff Drive, in Kessler Park on the North Bluffs, is a designated State Scenic Byway. It extends 4.27 miles (6.87 km) from The Paseo and Independence Avenue through Indian Mound on Gladstone Boulevard at Belmont Boulevard with many historical points and architectural landmarks. Ward Parkway, on the west side of the city near State Line Road, is lined by many of the city's most handsome homes. The Paseo is a major north–south parkway that runs 19 miles (31 km) through the center of the city beginning at Cliff Drive. It was modeled on the Paseo de la Reforma, a fashionable Mexico City boulevard.

Swope Park is one of the nation's largest city parks, comprising 1,805 acres (2.82 sq. mi.), more than twice as big as New York's Central Park.[25] It features a full-fledged zoo, a woodland nature and wildlife rescue center, two golf courses, two lakes, an amphitheatre, day-camp area, and numerous picnic grounds. Hodge Park, in the Northland, covers 1,029 acres (1.61 sq. mi.). This park includes the 80-acre (320,000 m2) Shoal Creek Living History Museum, a village of more than 20 historical buildings dating from 1807 to 1885. Riverfront Park, 955 acres (3.86 km2) on the banks of the Missouri River on the north edge of downtown, holds annual Fourth of July celebrations and other festivals during the year.

At one time, nearly all residential streets were planted with a solid canopy of American elms, but Dutch elm disease devastated them. Most were replaced with varieties of other handsome shade trees. A program went underway to replace many of the fast-growing sweetgum trees with hardwood varieties.[26]

Culture

Performing arts

The Country Club Plaza ("The Plaza") the center of many cultural events in Kansas City.

The Kansas City Repertory Theatre, the metropolitan area's top professional theatre company and the Starlight Theatre, 8,105-seat outdoor theatre designed by Edward Delk are a popular theatre company and theatre respectively. The Kansas City Symphony, founded by R. Crosby Kemper Jr. in 1982 to superseded the Kansas City Philharmonic, which was founded 1933. The symphony currently is located at the Lyric Theatre in Downtown Kansas City, but will move to the new Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, also downtown, when it is completed in December 2010. The current music director and lead conductor of the symphony is Michael Stern. Lyric Opera of Kansas City, founded in 1970, offers one American contemporary opera production during its annual season consisting of either four or five productions. The Lyric Opera also is located at the Lyric Theatre, and also will move to the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts in 2010. The Civic Opera Theater of Kansas City, performs at the Folly Theater in downtown, and the UMKC Performing Arts Center.

The Kansas City Ballet, founded in 1957 by Tatiana Dokoudovska, is a ballet troupe comprising 25 professional dancers and apprentices. Between 1986 and 2000, it was combined with Dance St. Louis to form the State Ballet of Missouri, although it remained located in Kansas City. From 1980 to 1995, the Ballet was run by dancer and choreographer Todd Bolender. Today, the Ballet offers an annual repertory split into three seasons which ranges from classical to contemporary ballets.[27] The Ballet also is located at the Lyric Theatre, and also will move with the Symphony and Opera to the Kauffman Center in 2010.

Entrance of the American Jazz Museum

Kansas City jazz in the 1930s marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s. In the 1970s, Kansas City attempted to resurrect the glory of the jazz era in a sanitized family friendly atmosphere. In the 1970s, an effort to open jazz clubs in the River Quay area of City Market along the Missouri ended in a gangland war in which three of the new clubs were blown up in what ultimately resulted in the removal of Kansas City mob influence in the Las Vegas casinos. The annual "Kansas City Blues and Jazz Festival", which attracts top jazz stars nationwide and large out-of-town audiences, has been rated Kansas City's "best festival." by pitch.com [28]

Live music venues can be found throughout the city, with the highest concentration in the Westport entertainment district centered on Broadway and Westport Road near the Country Club Plaza, as well as the 18th & Vine area (jazz music). A variety of music genres can be heard and have originated in Kansas City and direct surrounding areas, including: Rock groups Puddle of Mudd, Shooting Star, The Get Up Kids, Shiner, Flee The Seen, The Life and Times, Reggie and the Full Effect, Coalesce, The Casket Lottery, The Gadjits, The Appleseed Cast, The Rainmakers, The Esoteric, Vedera, The Elders, Blackpool Lights and The Republic Tigers and Rappers Tech N9ne, Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun, Skatterman & Snug Brim, Mac Lethal, and Solè.

Municipal Auditorium and Bartle Hall Convention Center, Kansas City

Irish culture

There is a large community of Irish-Americans in Kansas City which numbers around 250,000.[29] The Irish Community includes a large number of bands, multiple newspapers, the numerous Irish stores, including Browne's Irish Market, the oldest Irish owned business in North America, and the Irish Museum and Cultural Center is the new center of the community. The first book that detailed the history of the Irish in Kansas City was Missouri Irish, Irish Settlers on the American Frontier, published in 1984.

Casinos

Missouri voters approved riverboat casino gaming on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by referendum with a 63% majority on November 3, 1992. The first casino facility in the state opened in September 1994 in North Kansas City by Harrah's Entertainment.[30] The combined revenues for the four casinos successfully operating in Kansas City exceeded $153 million per month in May 2008.[31] The four casinos are Ameristar Kansas City, Argosy Kansas City, Harrah's North Kansas City, Isle of Capri Kansas City. A fifth area casino, the 7th Street Casino, opened in Kansas City, KS in 2008.

Cuisine

Kansas City is most famous for its steak and barbecue.

The American Hereford Association bull and Kemper Arena and the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange Building in the former Kansas City Stockyard of the West Bottoms as seen from Quality Hill

During the heyday of the Kansas City Stockyards, the city was known for its Kansas City steaks or Kansas City strip steaks. The most famous of the steakhouses is the Golden Ox in the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange in the stockyards in the West Bottoms. The stockyards, which were second only to those of Chicago in size, never recovered from the Great Flood of 1951 and eventually closed. The famed Kansas City Strip cut of steak is largely identical to the New York Strip cut, and is sometimes referred to just as a strip steak. Along with Texas, Memphis & North Carolina, Kansas City is a "world capital of barbecue." There are more than 90 barbecue restaurants[32] in the metropolitan area and the American Royal each fall hosts what it claims is the world's biggest barbecue contest.

The classic Kansas City-style barbecue was an inner city phenomenon that evolved from the pit of Henry Perry from the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the early 1900s and blossomed in the 18th and Vine neighborhood. Arthur Bryant's was to take over the Perry restaurant and added molasses to sweeten the recipe. In 1946 Gates and Sons Bar-B-Q was opened by one of Perry's cooks. The Gates recipe added even more molasses. Although Bryant's and Gates are the two definitive Kansas City barbecue restaurants they have just recently begun expanding outside of the Greater Kansas City Area. Fiorella's Jack Stack Barbecue is well-regarded by many both locally and nationally. In 1977 Rich Davis, a psychiatrist, test-marketed his own concoction called K.C. Soul Style Barbecue Sauce. He renamed it KC Masterpiece and in 1986 he sold the sauce to the Kingsford division of Clorox. Davis retained rights to operate restaurants using the name and sauce.

Sports

Truman Sports Complex, with Arrowhead and Kaufmann Stadiums, opened in 1972–73.
Club Sport Founded League Venue
Kansas City Chiefs American Football 1960 (1963 In Kansas City) National Football League Arrowhead Stadium
Kansas City Royals Baseball 1969 Major League Baseball Kauffman Stadium
Kansas City Wizards Soccer 1995 Major League Soccer Community America Ballpark (KCK)
Kansas City Brigade Arena Football 2006 Arena Football League Sprint Center
Kansas City T-Bones Baseball 2003 Northern League Community America Ballpark (KCK)
Kansas City Explorers Tennis 1993 WTT Barney Allis Plaza
Missouri Mavericks Hockey 2009 CHL Independence Events Center (Independence)
Missouri Comets Indoor Soccer 2010 MISL Independence Events Center (Independence)
Kansas City Brass Soccer 1997 USL PDL Greene Stadium (Liberty)
Kansas City Blues Rugby 1966 RSL Swope Park
Sprint Center opened in 2007 and hosts concerts and sports events downtown.

Kansas City has been the home of the Big 12 College Basketball Tournaments. Men's basketball has been played at Sprint Center since March 2008, and women's basketball is played at Municipal Auditorium. Arenas in Dallas and Oklahoma City have also historically hosted the tournament. Arrowhead Stadium serves as the venue for various intercollegiate football games. Often it is the host of the Big 12 Football Title Game. On the last weekend in October, the Fall Classic rivalry game between Northwest Missouri State University and Pittsburg State University takes place here. Usually, the Bearcats of Northwest and Gorillas of Pitt State are ranked one-two in the MIAA conference. In 2005, other games at Arrowhead included Arkansas State playing host to Missouri, and Kansas hosting Oklahoma.

Kansas City used to have an NBA team, which was itself originally located first in Rochester, New York (as the Rochester Royals), and then in Cincinnati (as the Cincinnati Royals). The team's was originally called the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it played home games in both Kansas City and Omaha. However, after 1975 the team would exclusively play in Kansas City. After 1985, the Kansas City Kings would move to Sacramento to become today's Sacramento Kings.

In 1974, the NHL continued its expansion period by adding teams in Kansas City and Washington, D.C.[33] Although they were better than their expansion brethren the Washington Capitals (who won only eight games in their inaugural season), the Kansas City Scouts began to suffer from an economic downturn in the Midwest. For their second season, the Scouts sold just 2,000 of 8,000 season tickets and were almost $1 million in debt. Due to their various on- and off-ice disappointments, the franchise moved to Denver and was renamed the Colorado Rockies.

Religion

Roman Catholic

Kansas City's Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the cathedral seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Kansas City and St. Joseph;[34] nearby Kansas City, Kansas is the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas.[35]

Eastern Orthodox

The Kansas City area is home to several Eastern Orthodox churches, including two Greek Orthodox parishes, three Serbian Orthodox churches, an Antiochian Orthodox church, a parish of the Orthodox Church in America, and one of the Coptic Church.

Protestant bodies

All major Protestant denominations are represented in Kansas City. The Kansas City metropolitan area is the seat of the Unity Church, a Christian denomination claiming approximately two million members.[36] The church's headquarters is located in Unity Village, a self-contained, incorporated municipality lying east of the city near Lee's Summit.[37] The Church of the Nazarene, another Christian denomination claiming two million members, is headquartered in Lenexa, where it moved in 2008 from its longtime headquarters on the The Paseo in Kansas City itself.[38] The Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri has its headquarters at Grace and Holy Trinity Cathedral, downtown.[39]

Latter Day Saint groups

The Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri, just east of Kansas City

Several Latter Day Saint organizations make their headquarters in Independence, just east of the city. The largest of these is the Community of Christ, with a worldwide membership of approximately 250,000. Others include the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), the Church of Christ (Fettingite), the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, the Church of Christ (Restored), the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ, and the Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite). Movement founder Joseph Smith, Jr. told his earliest followers that Temple Lot in Independence was the Garden of Eden and that the New Jerusalem where Jesus will come in the Second Coming would be built there,[40] though the first part of that statement has never been taught as official church doctrine. Some early Latter Day Saints settled west of Independence, inside what are now the boundaries of Kansas City itself. The Latter Day Saints were violently driven from the area in late 1833, after protracted conflict with local settlers, but returned in the late 1860s to a much better welcome. Recently The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest LDS denomination, announced plans to build a temple in the Shoal Creek area of North Kansas City.

Non-Christian

Kansas City is home to a large and vibrant Jewish community, with several synagogues in the city and adjacent communities.[41] Muslims are served by three mosques within the city limits, the largest of which is the Islamic Society of Greater Kansas City,[42] plus additional mosques in nearby towns. Temple Buddhist Center, the Rime Buddhist Center and other Buddhist facilities serve Buddhists in the city, while the Hindu Cultural Center and Vedanta Society of Kansas City serve Kansas City's Hindu population.[43]

Shawnee Mission

Another important religious site in the area is the Shawnee Methodist Mission in Fairway, which was the capital of Kansas Territory from 1855 to 1856. This mission no longer exists in any religious capacity, but a museum of the mission is preserved on its original grounds.[44]

Media

The Kansas City Star 's new printing plant that opened in June 2006.

Print media

The Kansas City Star is the area's primary newspaper. William Rockhill Nelson and his partner, Samuel Morss, first published the evening paper on September 18, 1880. The Star competed heavily with the morning Times before acquiring it in 1901. The "Times" name was discontinued in March 1990, when the morning paper was renamed the "Star."[45] Weekly newspapers include The Call[46] (African American focused) and several weekly papers, including the Kansas City Business Journal, The Pitch and the bilingual paper "Dos Mundos". The city is served by two major faith-oriented newspapers: The Kansas City Metro Voice, serving the Christian community, and the Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, serving the Jewish community. Also, "The Kansas City Call''''[3]" or simply "The Call" paper was established in 1919 and has been in publication weekly since. It is mainly geared toward Kansas City's African American community.

Broadcast media

Landmark KCTV-TV Tower on West 31st on Union Hill

The Kansas City media market (ranked 32nd by Arbitron[47] and 31st by Nielsen[48]) includes 10 television channels, along with 30 FM and 21 AM radio stations. Kansas City broadcasting jobs have been a stepping stone for many nationally recognized television and radio personalities, including Walter Cronkite, Rush Limbaugh, and Mancow Muller.

Film community

Kansas City has also been a locale for Hollywood productions and television programming. Also, between 1931 and 1982, Kansas City was home to the Calvin Company, a large movie production company that specialized in the making of promotional and sales training short films and commercials for large corporations, as well as educational movies for schools and training films for government. Calvin was also an important venue for the Kansas City arts, serving as training ground for many local filmmakers who went on to successful Hollywood careers, and also employing many local actors, most of whom earned their main income in other fields, such as radio and television announcing. Kansas City native Robert Altman got his start directing movies at the Calvin Company, and this experience led him to making his first feature film, The Delinquents, in Kansas City using many local thespians.

The 1983 television movie The Day After was filmed in Kansas City and Lawrence, Kansas. The 1990s film Truman starring Gary Sinise was also filmed in various parts of the city. Other films shot in or around Kansas City include Article 99, Mr. & Mrs. Bridge, Kansas City, Paper Moon, In Cold Blood, Ninth Street, and Sometimes They Come Back (in and around nearby Liberty, Missouri). More recently, a scene in the controversial film Brüno was filmed in the historic Hotel Phillips downtown.

Kansas City is also home to a vibrant and active independent film community. The Independent Filmmaker's Coalition of Kansas City is an organization dedicated to expanding and improving independent filmmaking in Kansas City.

Economy

Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank "J" insignia on the dollar bill

Greater Kansas City is headquarters to three Fortune 500 companies (Sprint Nextel Corporation, H&R Block, and YRC Worldwide Inc.) and additional Fortune 1000 corporations Great Plains Energy, Aquila, AMC Theatres, Applebee's, DST Systems, Garmin International, Cerner, Seaboard Corporation, and Russell Stover Candies). Three international law firms, Lathrop & Gage, Stinson Morrisson & Hecker, and Shook, Hardy & Bacon are also based in the City. Hallmark Cards's gross revenues certainly would qualify it for both lists, but it cannot be included because it is privately owned by the Hall family. Numerous agriculture companies operate out of the city . Dairy Farmers of America, the largest Dairy Co-op in the United States is located here. Kansas City Board of Trade is the principal trading Exchange for hard red winter wheat — the principal ingredient of bread. Black and Veatch, Perceptive Software, Compass Minerals, Ash Grove Cement, Ferrellgas, and Bats Exchange, Inc are also based in the Kansas City area.

Kansas City, Missouri is also home the headquarters of:

The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics and The National Association of Basketball Coaches are based in Kansas City.

H&R Block's new oblong headquarters in downtown Kansas City

The business community is serviced by two major business magazines, the Kansas City Business Journal (published weekly) and Ingram's Magazine (published monthly), as well as numerous other smaller publications, including a local society journal, the Independent (published weekly). Kansas City is literally "on the money." Bills issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City are marked the letter "J" and/or number "10." The single dollar bills have Kansas City's name on them. The Kansas City Federal Reserve built a new bank building that opened in 2008 and relocated near Union Station. Missouri is the only state to have two of the 12 Federal Reserve Bank headquarters (St. Louis also has a headquarters). Kansas City's effort to get the bank was helped by former Kansas City mayor James A. Reed who as senator broke a tie to get the Federal Reserve Act passed.[49]

One of the largest drug manufacturing plants in the United States is the Sanofi-Aventis plant located in south Kansas City on the campus developed by Ewing Kauffman's Marion Laboratories.[50] Of late, it has been developing some academic and economic institutions related to animal health sciences, an effort most recently bolstered by the selection of Manhattan, Kansas, at one end of the [51] Kansas City Animal Health Corridor, as the site for the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, which is tasked, among other things, to research animal-related diseases.

Ford Motor Company operates a large manufacturing facility just outside of Kansas City in Claycomo at the Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant, which currently builds the Ford Escape, Mazda Tribute, Ford F-150, and Mercury Mariner. The General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant s located in adjacent Kansas City, Kansas. Smith Electric Vehicles builds electric vehicles in the former TWA/American Airlines overhaul facility at Kansas City International Airport.

The Kansas City Plant dedicated by Harry Truman and currently operated by Honeywell produces and assembles 85 percent of the non-nuclear components of the United States nuclear bomb arsenal.[52]

With a Gross Metropolitan Product of $41.68 billion in 2004, Kansas City's (Missouri side only) economy makes up 20.5% of the Gross State Product of Missouri.[53]

Demographics

According to the 2006-2008 American Community Survey, the racial composition of Kansas City was as follows:

Source:[54]

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1860 4,418
—
1870 32,260 630.2%
1880 55,785 72.9%
1890 132,716 137.9%
1900 163,752 23.4%
1910 248,381 51.7%
1920 324,410 30.6%
1930 399,746 23.2%
1940 400,178 0.1%
1950 456,622 14.1%
1960 475,539 4.1%
1970 507,087 6.6%
1980 448,159 −11.6%
1990 435,146 −2.9%
2000 441,545 1.5%
Est. 2009 citation needed 480,129 8.7%

Law and government

City government

See also: List of mayors of Kansas City
See also: Alcohol laws of Missouri

Kansas City is home to the largest municipal government in the state of Missouri. The city has a city manager form of government, however the role of city manager has diminished over the years following excesses during the days of Tom Pendergast. The mayor is the head of the Kansas City City Council, which has 12 members (one member for each district, plus one at large member per district), and the mayor himself is the presiding member. Kansas City holds city elections on odd numbered years (every four years unless there is a special reason). The last major city-wide election was May 2007, meaning the next one will be in May 2011. The city council currently has a female majority for the first time in the city's history.

From the late 19th century to the mid 20th century, Kansas City's municipal government was controlled by often corrupt political machines. Tom Pendergast was the most infamous leader of the party machine. The most nationally prominent Democrat associated with Pendergast's machine was Harry S Truman, who became a Senator, Vice President of the United States and then President of the United States from 1945–1953. Kansas City is the seat of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, one of two federal district courts in Missouri (the other, the Eastern District, is in St. Louis). It also is the seat of the Western District of the Missouri Court of Appeals, one of three districts of that court (the Eastern District is in St. Louis and the Southern District is in Springfield).

There are 230,897 registered voters.[55]

National political conventions

Kansas City has hosted the 1900 Democratic National Convention, the 1928 Republican National Convention, which nominated Herbert Hoover from Iowa for President, and the memorable 1976 Republican National Convention, which nominated Kansas U.S. Senator Bob Dole for Vice President. The urban core of Kansas City consistently votes Democratic in Presidential elections, however on the state and local level Republicans often find some success, especially in the Northland and other parts of Kansas City that are predominantly suburban.

Federal representation

Kansas City is represented by two members of the United States House of Representatives:

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Kansas City. The Kansas City Main Post Office is located at 300 West Pershing Road.[56]

Crime

Some of the earliest violence in Kansas City erupted during the American Civil War. Shortly after the city's incorporation in 1850, the period which has become known as Bleeding Kansas erupted, affecting border ruffians and Jayhawkers, who both lived in the city. During the war, Union troops burned all occupied dwellings in Jackson County south of Brush Creek and east of Blue Creek to Independence in an attempt to halt raids into Kansas. After the war, the Kansas City Times turned outlaw Jesse James into a folk hero in its coverage. James was born in the Kansas City metro area at Kearney, Missouri, and notoriously robbed the Kansas City Fairgrounds at 12th Street and Campbell Avenue.

In the early 20th century under Democratic political "Boss" Tom Pendergast, Kansas City became the country's "most wide open town", with virtually no enforcement of prohibition. While this would give rise to Kansas City Jazz, it also led to the rise of the Kansas City mob (initially under Johnny Lazia), as well as the arrival of organized crime. The 1930s saw the Kansas City Massacre at Union Station, as well as a shootout between police and outlaws Bonnie and Clyde at the Red Crown Tavern near what is now Kansas City International Airport. In the 1970s, the Kansas City mob was involved in a gangland war over control of the River Quay entertainment district, in which three buildings were bombed and several gangsters were killed. Police investigations into the mob took hold after boss Nick Civella was recorded discussing gambling bets on Super Bowl IV (where the Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Minnesota Vikings). The war and investigation would lead to the end of mob control of the Stardust Casino, which was the basis for the film Casino (although the Kansas City connections are minimized in the movie).

As of October 30, 2006, Kansas City ranks 21st on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual survey of crime rates for cities with populations over 400,000.[57] Kansas City ranked sixth in the rate of murders in that same study. The entire Kansas City metropolitan area has the fourth worst violent crime rate among cities with more than 100,000, with a rate of 614.7 violent crimes per 100,000 residents.[58] On the other hand, many of the surrounding cities in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area reflect the opposite in crime statistics.

Much of the city's murders and violent crimes occur in the city's inner core. The Kansas City Gangs are reasons why the violent crime rates in the core consistently have driven the city and metropolitan area down on "livability" indices, hindering initiatives in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s to revive downtown Kansas City. In the 2000s, Crime and Homicides spiked up due to organized crime or the gang activity in the inner city. However, attempts at revitalizing the downtown area have been more successful.[59] Other parts of the urban core with higher poverty levels remain places in which crime remains largely unabated. According to an analysis by The Kansas City Star and the University of Missouri-Kansas City appearing in a December 22, 2007 story, downtown has experienced the largest drop in crime of any neighborhood in the city during the current decade.[60]

In 2009 Zip Code 64130 which straddles Brush Creek east of the Country Club Plaza was reported to account for 20 percent of Kansas Citians in prison for murder or voluntary manslaughter (101 killers).[61]

Infrastructure

First, it was at the confluence of the Missouri River and Kansas River and the launching pointing for travelers on the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California trails. Then with the construction of the Hannibal Bridge across the Missouri River it became the central location for 11 trunk railroads. More rail traffic in terms of tonnage still passes through the city than any other city in the country. TWA located its headquarters in the city and had ambitious plans to turn the city into an air hub for the world.

Missouri and Kansas were the first states to start building interstates with Interstate 70. Interstate 435, which encircles the entire city, is the second longest beltway in the nation. Today, Kansas City and its metropolitan area has more miles of limited access highway lanes per capita than any other large metro area in the United States, over 27% more than second-place Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, over 50% more than the average American metro area and nearly 75% more than the metropolitan area with the least: Las Vegas. The Sierra Club in particular blames the extensive freeway network for excessive sprawl and the decline of central Kansas City.[62] On the other hand, the relatively uncongested freeway network contributes significantly to Kansas City's position as one of America's largest logistics hubs.[63]

Airports

Kansas City International Airport

Kansas City International Airport was built to the specifications of TWA to make a world hub for the supersonic transport and Boeing 747. Its passenger friendly design in which its gates were 100 feet (30 m) from the street has, since the September 11, 2001 attacks, required a costly overhaul to retrofit it to incorporate elements of a more conventional security system. Recent proposals have suggested replacing the three terminals with a new single terminal situated south of the existing runways, thus allowing the airport to operate during construction and to shave miles off the travel distance from downtown and the southern suburbs. Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport was the original headquarters of Trans World Airlines and houses the Airline History Museum. It is still used for general aviation and airshows.

Public transportation

Like most American cities, Kansas City's mass transit system was originally rail-based. An electric trolley network ran through the city until 1957. The rapid sprawl in the following years led this privately run system to be shut down. The Kansas City Area Transportation Authority (KCATA) was formed with the signing of a Bi-State compact created by the Missouri and Kansas legislatures on December 28, 1965. The compact gives the KCATA responsibility for planning, construction, owning and operating passenger transportation systems and facilities within the seven-county Kansas City metropolitan area. These include the counties of Cass, Clay, Jackson, and Platte in Missouri, and Johnson, Leavenworth, and Wyandotte in Kansas. Kansas City doesn't have a subway or light rail system. Several proposals to build one have been rejected by voters in the past. Kansas City has a long history with streetcars and trolleys. From 1870–1957 Kansas City's streetcar system was among the top in the country, with over 300 miles (480 km) of track at its peak. Following the decision to scrap the system, many of its former streetcars have been serving other American cities for a long time. In 2007, ideas and plans arose to add normal trolley lines, as well as possibly fast streetcars to the city's Downtown for the first time in decades.

In July 2005, the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority (KCATA) launched Kansas City's first Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line called "MAX" (Metro Area Express). MAX links the vibrant River Market, Downtown, Union Station, Crown Center and the Country Club Plaza. This corridor boasts over 150,000 jobs, as well as some of the area's most prestigious real estate and treasured cultural amenities. [64] By design, MAX operates and is marketed more like a rail system than a local bus line. A unique identity was created for MAX, including 13 modern diesel buses and easily identifiable "stations". MAX features state-of-the-art technology to deliver customers a high level of reliability (real-time GPS tracking of buses, available at every station), speed (stoplights automatically change in their favor if buses are behind schedule) and comfort.[65]

Education

Colleges and universities

Many universities, colleges, and seminaries are located in the Kansas City metropolitan area, including:

Primary and secondary schools

Kansas City is served by several school districts, the largest being the Kansas City, Missouri Public Schools. There are also numerous private schools; Catholic schools in Kansas City are governed by the Diocese of Kansas City.

Libraries and archives

Points of interest

Liberty Memorial by night.

Sister cities

As of April 2009, Kansas City has 13 sister cities:[66]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "City’s appeal to U.S. Census Bureau nets 25,455 residents (2009)". http://www.kcmo.org/cco.nsf/web/020609. Retrieved 2009-03-02. 
  2. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)". http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metropop/2007/cbsa-01-fmt.csv. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 
  3. ↑ "Census Bureau Estimates Program (2007)". http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.xls. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 
  4. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  5. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  6. ↑ Annual Estimates of the Population of Metro and Micropolitan Areas
  7. ↑ A History of Kansas City, Missouri
  8. ↑ 2008-07-11 "‘City of Fountains’ Indeed". http://www.visitkc.com/this-is-kansas-city/favorites--discoveries/kc-fountains/index.aspx= 2008-07-11. 
  9. ↑ Pahigaian, Josh; Kevin O'Connell (2004). The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 1592281591. 
  10. ↑ Wilkinson, Ernest L. (1976). Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years. Vol. 1. Provo: BYU Press. p. 7. 
  11. ↑ "Why is Kansas City located in Missouri instead of Kansas?". http://www.kclibrary.org/kchistory/why-kansas-city-located-missouri-instead-kansas. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
  12. ↑ "Early City Limits". http://images.kclibrary.org/localhistory/media.cfm?mediaID=95980. Retrieved 2006-09-11. 
  13. ↑ Aber, James S.. "Glacial Geology of the Kansas City Vicinity". http://www.geospectra.net/lewis_cl/geology/glacial.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-05. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971-2000". http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/mo/234359.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Kansas City Tornado Almanac, wdaftv4.com. Retrieved September 2006.
  16. ↑ KC powerless as icy barrage pummels the area, leaves behind disaster zone. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
  17. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Kansas City". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/kansas_city_e.htm. 
  18. ↑ [1]
  19. ↑ http://www.thecitymarket.org
  20. ↑ Kansas City - Restaurants - Restaurant Guide
  21. ↑ "A walk through Kansas City history", Country Club Plaza website (online)
  22. ↑ Garvin, Alexander (2002). The American City: What Works, what doesn't. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 119–125. ISBN 0071373675. 
  23. ↑ Parks & Recreation, 2008 Reference Book
  24. ↑ Parks & Recreation, About Parks & Recreation
  25. ↑ TimeLine 150
  26. ↑ Focus Kansas City, Tri-Blenheim Neighbors United, report date: 29 April 2000
  27. ↑ Deborah Jowitt, Kansas City Ballet: Happy Fiftieth!, The Village Voice, March 18, 2008
  28. ↑ The Pitch, Best of 2007: "Best Festival" - Kansas City's Blues and Jazz Festival.
  29. ↑ O’Laughlin, Michael. Missouri Irish, The Original History of the Irish in Missouri, including St. Louis, Kansas City and Trails West
  30. ↑ Missouri Gaming Commission: The History of Riverboat Gambling in Missouri
  31. ↑ The Kansas City Star, June 13, 2008: Missouri riverboat casinos’ revenue increases in May.
  32. ↑ "Experience Kansas City - Barbeque Kansas City Style". Experiencekc.com. http://www.experiencekc.com/barbeque.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16. 
  33. ↑ "National Hockey League (NHL) Expansion History". Rauzulu's Street. http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/hockey/nhlhistory/nhlhistory.html. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
  34. ↑ Diocese of Kansas City and St. Joseph. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  35. ↑ Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  36. ↑ [www.unity.org Unity]. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  37. ↑ Unity Village. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  38. ↑ Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved on 2010-2=24.
  39. ↑ Grace and Holy Trinity Cathedral, and Episcopal Diocese of Missouri. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  40. ↑ Bruce A. Van Orden, “I Have a Question: What do we know about the location of the Garden of Eden?”, Ensign, Jan. 1994, 54–55; see also Andrew Jenson, Historical Record, 7:438-39 (1888); Orson F. Whitney, Life of Heber C. Kimball, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 219 (1967); Heber C. Kimball, "Advancement of the Saints", Journal of Discourses 10:235 (1863); Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young to Orson Hyde, March 15, 1857 (1830- ); Wilford Woodruff, Susan Staker (ed.), Waiting for the World to End: The Diaries of Wilford Woodruff, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 305 (1993); John A. Widtsoe, G. Homer Durham (ed.), Evidences and Reconciliations, 396-397 (1960); Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 19-20
  41. ↑ Imagine Jewish KC. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  42. ↑ Islamic Society of Greater Kansas City. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  43. ↑ Hindu Cultural Center and Vedanta Society of Kansas City. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  44. ↑ Shawnee Indian Mission. Retrieved on 2010-02-24.
  45. ↑ Harry Haskell, Boss-Busters and Sin Hounds: Kansas City and Its "Star" (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007) ISBN 9780826217691
  46. ↑ The Call
  47. ↑ Arbitron, Inc., Spring '08 Blue Book, "2008 Market Survey Schedule: All Markets,", p. 4
  48. ↑ TV by the Numbers, Nielsen People Meter Markets, November 6th, 2007: "Rank, Designated Market Area, Homes"
  49. ↑ A Foregone Conclusion: The Founding of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis by James Neal Primm - stlouisfed.org - Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  50. ↑ U.S. Manufacturing Sheet - sanofi-aventis.us - Retrieved August 25, 2008
  51. ↑ Kansas City Star - Kansas Tops List for Biodefense Lab
  52. ↑ [2]
  53. ↑ "The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. Economy" (PDF). U.S. Conference of Mayors. March 2006. p. 119. http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/Top100_2006.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  54. ↑ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US2938000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on
  55. ↑ Registered Voters in Missouri 2008
  56. ↑ "Post Office Location - KANSAS CITY." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  57. ↑ 25 Safest Cities www.morganquinto.com Accessed November 2006
  58. ↑ Kevin Collison, "FBI crime data paint grim portrait", The Kansas City Star, September 26, 2006
  59. ↑ Kansas City Area Development Council
  60. ↑ Downtown News
  61. ↑ Murder Factory: 64130, the ZIP code of notoriety in Missouri - St. Louis Post-Dispatch - January 26, 2009 (reprint of original Kansas City Star article by Tony Rizzo)
  62. ↑ 1998 Sprawl Report- Sprawl - Sierra Club
  63. ↑ http://www.kcsmartport.com/sec_news/media/documents/ShippingCentral.pdf
  64. ↑ "Maps and Schedules". KCATA. http://www.kcata.org/maps_schedules/max/. Retrieved 2010-03-16. 
  65. ↑ "Light Rail and MAX". KCATA. http://www.kcata.org/light_rail_max/max_and_bus_rapid_transit/. Retrieved 2010-03-16. 
  66. ↑ http://www.kcsistercities.org www.kcsistercities.org

External links